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Temporary and permanent water hardness
Hard water is water that has high mineral content.
Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate. The temporary hardness of water is composed by bicarbonates of alkaline-earth metals that dissolve during boiling. The permanent hardness is composed by the quantity of cations of the alkaline earth metals which remain during the boiling process.
Total hardness of water
The total hardness of the water is composed of temporary hardness + permanent hardness. The total hardness is generally expressed in French Degrees (ºf, not to be confused with ºF, which are the Fahrenheit Degrees), in which one degree represents 10 mg of calcium carbonate per liter of water. Currently the MEC grade is also used, which corresponds to 1 g of calcium carbonate in 100 liters of water, and is therefore equal to the French degree.
In general, the waters are classified according to their hardness as follows:
waters with hardness over 54ºf: very hard
In the same city, the hardness of the water can vary according to the area, and according to the sources of supply of the supplying company. It is possible to contact the distributor company to find out what is the hardness of the water supply in your area. To measure the total hardness of the water there are also special kits that can be used several times.
Damage in situations of too hard water
The calcium-rich waters evaporating cause a progressive accumulation of calcium carbonates. Inevitably, this type of encrusting compromises the device and the pipes, and it leads to a reduction in electrical efficiency. This phenomenon involves considerable damage. In addition, limescale build-up forces us to consume more energy for heating, water circulation, and for washing our clothes. It is estimated that a household appliance attacked by limestone consumes up to 30% more energy and breaks before compared to a clean appliance. Since the phenomenon of limestone mainly affects the hydraulic circuits of hot water, it would be sufficient to treat the water to be heated. But in domestic systems, the same water must also be used for personal consumption and therefore, you must be very careful when choosing the type of treatment. Another drawback due to the excessive concentration of calcium and magnesium in water is to hinder the action of soaps and detergents causing excessive consumption. It is useless to buy expensive soaps, detergents and creams, because hard water makes these products ineffective.
Physical method Vs chemical method
The possible treatments for domestic water are: physical or chemical methods.
Physical treatment occurs through the so-called anti-limestone magnetic filter. This method consists in passing water through a powerful magnetic field:
The magnetic conditioners (usable within the hardness limits of 25 ºf) offer the following advantages:-
do not require the use of chemicals and additives;
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the natural qualities of water are not altered;
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no consumption of electricity;
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greater efficiency of the plants;
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lower maintenance of the plants;
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reduction of management costs;
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limited overall dimensions.
The most used chemical treatments are: water softeners with resins and water softeners with polyphosphates. The water softeners with resins, during the passage of water retain and eliminate limestone, until the "saturation of the resins" is reached. Once "saturated of limescale", the resins are cleaned by an automatic backwash, by introducing the brine inside them (mixture of water and common salt). The limestone is released from the resins, depositing in the brine and subsequently in the drain: at this point the water softener is ready for another ion exchange process. This treatment, used when the water has a hardness higher than 25 ºf, however, it presents some drawbacks. The resins especially with well water, must be disinfected often, to avoid the formation of bacterial flora. It is therefore important to use water softeners equipped with an automatic resin disinfection system. The wastewater coming from the regeneration of the resins pose problems of pollution as they reduce the biodegradability of the sewage waters. In addition, the treated water, rich in sodium carbonate, at temperatures over 85º C becomes aggressive and can cause the so-called "caustic fragility with sudden breakage of pipes, boilers, radiators. The wastewater coming from the regeneration of These phenomena can be limited only by an adequate calibration of the plant in order to reduce salt consumption.The treatment with polyphosphates combines phosphates and calcium carbonate to form a single stable macromolecule. This method is a little less effective than the previous treatment and has the following drawbacks:
- the dosage of the polyphosphates of the equipment on the market is prefixed, while the same dosage should be proportional to the amount of calcium present in the water. Therefore in many plants the limit value set by law can be exceeded, with possible damage your health.
- Above 70 °C, the calcium polyphosphate-carbonate macromolecule gives rise to carbon dioxide, limestone and ionized complex salts, whose health effects have not yet been well defined. Therefore the use of polyphosphates for drinking water is absolutely unadvisable. Polyphosphatic water softeners installed immediately upstream of the washing machine or of the water heater - which do not therefore treat drinking water - stand up to healthy objections. Water softeners with polyphosphates must have, by law, a non-return valve upstream of the system to avoid possible refluxes in the urban water network.
Why should I buy a reverse osmosis purifier?
Prefessional osmosis water system
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GLOSSARY |
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It contributes, with a chemical process,
to reduce the ions of calcium and magnesium salts
that make water hard.
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It turns limestone into crystalline form
(called "aragonite"), very similar to talcum powder.
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Safety filter |
French degrees
Measurement of water hardness:
1 ºf = 1 gram of calcium carbonate in 100 liters.
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